“Ethical Language Is No More Than Expressions of Emotion.”...

Ethical statements could be said to be no more than expressions of emotion depending on whether you take a cognitive approach to meta-ethics or a non-cognitive approach, and which branch of that approach you believe in. Ayer was an emotivist and therefore took the non-cognitive approach to meta-ethics. He believed that ethical language is subjective and not objective. He said that ethical statements are merely expressions of liking or disliking a certain action, so if you say that ‘Murder is wrong’, you are simply saying ‘I don’t like murder’. He called this approach the hurrah-boo theory and claimed that any expression of emotion was the same as saying ‘ouch’; it is meaningless. He said that as ethical statements are neither†¦show more content†¦Naturalists also think that ethical statements are more than expressions of emotions, as they believe that ethical language is objective as it can be verified in the same way that scientific statements can. For example, they say that when you witness a murder, you see who was killed, how they were killed but also that it was wrong. There are two types of naturalists, theological like Thomas Aquinas, an d hedonistic. They both claim that either pleasure (if you are a hedonist) or the word of God (if you are a theological naturalist) are evidence of goodness or rightness. Therefore by examining pleasure or the Bible you could verify ethical statements. G. E. Moore, however, argued that this is a naturalistic fallacy, as it is illogical to assume pleasure or God’s word is evidence, as you cannot identify something as ‘good’ and ‘pleasurable’, and therefore claim good is pleasure. Not all things that are good are also pleasurable, and not all pleasurable things are good! Furthermore, naturalists could be said to be wrong in claiming ethical statements are verifiable as in science, as in science things are objectively measured, but there is no way to do this with ethical language and statements. Therefore, the argument against expressions being more than emotions is flawed. Overall, I agree with Ayer’s hurrah-boo theory, that ethical statements are merelyShow MoreRelatedShaping Cultures Globally : Rules Versus Emotions1597 Words   |  7 PagesShaping Cultures Globally: Rules versus Emotions At the core of temporary debates pertinent to the Globalization discourse lies the diverging paradigm of governance through persuasive or coercive power. Some of the most common methods that employ these powers are implicit like the usage of ideologies, but they can also be explicit like the execution of laws. Both ways of governing play a bureaucratic role in the transformation of cultures. 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Proposal For Improving The Quality Of Our Drinking Water

Georgiana Grecea ENC 1102 Professor: Steven Karl April 21st, 2015 A Proposal to Improve the Quality of Our Drinking Water There are only few things that tie us directly to the natural environment; one such thing is the water that we drink daily. Water is one of the most valuable natural resources and we cannot live without it. Kofi Atta Annan, a Ghanaian diplomat, who served as the seventh Secretary General for the United Nations (1997 – 2006) said: Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and, therefore, a basic human right. Contaminated water jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. It is an affront to human dignity. (United Nations) I personally never thought much of the importance of water in our daily life, until three years ago when my mother was diagnosed with last stage of colon cancer. My father, a nature lover all his life, throughout every trip made to Romania, would literally drag me out of the house in the early morning hours and have me go with him in a nearby forest to get spring water. He believed that this infinite spring water source was the cure for my mother disease. Today, not knowing the quality of the water I’m drinking, suddenly frightens me. Therefore, I began to question the quality of our drinking water and how does it impacts our health, when not contaminants free. Water is our most important food and it cannot be replaced. This statement is not a figure of speech, but a statement which has been raised up by manyShow MoreRelatedStanley Park Project White Paper841 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to the community. The proposal will help the Council to take better judgement related to the development of the City of Kelsey. 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Nicotine Addictions Free Essays

Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. There are currently 1. 35 billion smokers in the world today and that number is increasing at an alarming rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Nicotine Addictions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nicotine related diseases are the number one killer in the world. It is responsible for more deaths each year than drug and alcohol abuse, car crashes, AIDS, murder and suicide put together. There are few ways to fight this addiction, like rehab, the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or the new drug, Chantix. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness and it affects all ages. To first understand nicotine addiction you first need to understand why we start smoking in the first place and why we get hooked. Most people start smoking to relieve stress or anxiety, other people want to lose weight, teens succumb to peer pressure or they’re trying to look cool. Have you ever wondered why it’s so hard to go without eating, why we feel anxiety when bored and an â€Å"aahh† sense of relief when we finish a task? This was dopamine. When we feel hunger our dopamine pathways are teasing us with anticipation, wanting for food. If we keep wanting the anticipation may build into urges or even craves. Each bite that we take or drag off a cigarette stimulates the dopamine until we had enough and have become satisfied. While family members and loved ones are screaming at the smoker to stop, their brain dopamine pathways are screaming even louder that continuing to smoke is important as life itself. Nicotine addiction is permanent, just like alcohol there is one rule when you quit, just using once you will have to go back. It does not matter how much will power we have, the years of smoking, the recorded years of nicotine feeding have wired your brain for relapse. If this is true, that no matter how much will power you have you will go relapse. Then why are some social smokers able to continue and stop like its nothing while the rest of the smoking population got hooked. These social smokers are referred to as â€Å"chippers. † These â€Å"chippers† account for less than 10% of all smokers. Being immune to nicotine addiction is thought to be from genetics. Smokers who are hooked tend to feel sorry for themselves atching 10% walk away like its nothing, little do they realize they were once chippers to, at least for their first couple of cigarettes. Nicotine addiction affects all ages, there are many children who smoke around the world, take for example Ardi Rizal. Ardi Rizal is a two year Indonesian baby who smokes about 2 packs a day or 40 cigarettes. Smoking is normal in Indonesia it is the world 3rd largest leading tobacco consuming country in the world. A lot of adults who are around children will smoke; they will carry a baby in one hand and a cigarette on the other. His mother wants Ardi to quit, but her motivation for Ardi to quit was more on the spending 4 dollars a day other than his health. If Ardi does not smoke he throws tantrums, he has a scar on his head from running into a wall during one of his tantrums, and he also vomits when he cannot satisfy his addiction. The government has offered to pay the family with a brand new car and 100 thousand dollars if they help the baby stop smoking. Nicotine addiction affects all ages. The road to recovery from nicotine addictions is very hard. The first few days might feel like an emotional train wreck on the average smoker but as each passing day the challenge begins to grow less intense. In fact there are more ex-smokers in the United States then there are smokers! There are roughly 70% of daily smokers who want to stop. But few realize that they’re dealing with a permanent disorder and disease of the mind. A puff of nicotine is all it takes for relapse to occur. Usually it takes multiple fail attempts for the user to actually find the key to success. Every recovery is different, it be days, weeks, months, maybe even years to successfully quit smoking, to not feel the desire of a cigarette. There many types of treatment but no cure, there is the nicotine patch, rehab, nicotine gum and Chantix, Chantix has a 50% chance to help the smoker. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. Nicotine related disease causes 440,000 thousand deaths per year, 36,666 thousand per month, 8,461 thousand per week, 1,205 thousand per day, 50 per hour, in the United States alone. It is the number one killer around the world. Every cigarette that you smoke cuts 5 minutes off your life, the same time it takes to smoke it. Smoking just doesn’t cut a few months off the end of your life; it reduces the life of the average smoker by 12 years. Most people don’t think when lighting up especially teenagers, they don’t care about the cancer it causes, the things that it does to your body and physical appearance, that’s how addicted they are. They willing to ignore these facts for a death trap called tobacco. How to cite Nicotine Addictions, Essay examples

Climate Change and World Food Supply Essay Example For Students

Climate Change and World Food Supply Essay The world needs to think of how the climate is changing the food supply of the earth. The climate is doing some really bad things to the earth. The atmosphere is also not in good shape because of climate change. Humans now need to think of how climate change is affecting people. Climate change is affecting the food supply of the world. The climate change is rapidly affecting the earth. The Greenhouse gases are what is really messing up are world food supply and what is messing up our earth. Global Warming is causing concerns because of its high content in the atmosphere already. Because of global warming the earth is going down hill fast. We the people need to step up and take part in the fight against greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are what are leading to climate change, and climate change is what is leading to the depletion of the world food supply. Because of rising greenhouse gases, by the year 2060 the temperature will rise 12 degrees (Pittock 1). We have to use more fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers. Natural fertilizers arent harmful to the environment. Scientists think that if we are lucky the populations will only double in the next 66 years (Roach 3). Although we will still have to increase the Wicker Page 3 demand for food. Between 1989 and 1990 the crops increased by 60 percent (Pittock 4). Between these two years we have increased farm machinery by 4.7 times what it was before (Pittock 4). And we gave increased electricity by 5.1 times what it was before (Pittock 4). The climate change is affecting our atmosphere and a lot of people dont know that. There are lots of pollutants in the atmosphere but the two that are important in global warming and climate change are carbon dioxide and CFCs. Between those two, carbon dioxide ranks number one pollutant in the atmosphere. CFCs are bad too, but not nearly as bad as carbon dioxide. CFCs quicken global warming (Weier 1). Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide mainly and that is why we need to get rid of greenhouse gases all together. Believe it or not climate change affects people too. Global warming and pollution affects peoples breathing. Lately people with asthma have had a hard tine breathing because of global warming and pollution. Doctors have had more asthma patients in this year then in any year (Weier 2). So now what do you people think of global warming and pollution? The green revolution was largely based on increased energy in the form of irrigation, mechanization, fertilizers, and pesticides. Wicker Page 4 So far the production yields in crops are negative in the low latitude countries because of climate change. Natural fertilizer helps crops by 22 percent where as chemical fertilizers help a little better than that but they are harmful to the soil. Climate change can affect rainfall intensity, weather extremes, pests, and diseases. Studies have shown that Sub Saharan Africa will get the worst of global climate change and pollution. Also studies show that food production will have to grow 2 percent every year to sustain the food supply (Roach 1). Scientists state that this is possible. The world food supply is changing and the population needs to think about how to stop this from happening. Changing climate is changing our earth. As the climate is changing so is the world food supply. There is a high content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. People need to use natural fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. We need to increase the demand for food. Climate change affects people too. The Green Revolution was based on the mechanics of farming. Climate change affects weather patterns too. Evolution of Forensic Psychology 300 level undergr Essay Food production must increase 2 percent ever year to keep up with the population of the world. Works Cited Pittock, A. Barrie. Climate Change and World Food Supply: special issues on environmental change and food policy. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: http://www.elibrary.com. Roach, John. Factory farms come under scrutiny. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: http://www. enn.com/enn-news- archive/1999/09/092099/ffarm_5740.asp. Weier, John. Every Cloud has a Filthy Lining. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: http://www.earthobservatory.nasa. gov/study/. .

Effectiveness of Carbon Tax in Environmental Sustainability

Introduction The question of environmental sustainability remains the most appropriate subject in ecological economics. With the evident increased knowledge on the effects of emitting pollutant gases into the environment, nations around the world continue to struggle to minimise environmental degradation using various mechanisms.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Effectiveness of Carbon Tax in Environmental Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On this end, greenhouse gases are one of the most feared causes of environmental degradation and exhaustion of the Ozone layer. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that have detrimental effects on environmental sustainability. Emission of carbon gases into the atmosphere results in the greenhouse effect, which leads to the weakening of the Ozone layer. Consequently, a weakened Ozone cover paves a way for Ultraviolet rays that can cause skin cancer. It also creates a way for acid rains that cause corrosion of buildings and destruction of plants. Moreover, melting of natural icecaps in the Arctic regions has also occurred. To avert this situation, various governments, including the government of Australia have enacted control mechanisms such as the carbon tax, which involves taxing all carbon containing products. However, despite the increased use of carbon tax, the world greenhouse effects continue to be felt. Climate changes continue to increase. Carbon tax has been compromised. It only benefits governments through revenue while not averting the negative consequences of carbon dioxide on the environment. However, few researchers have focused on establishing whether the use of carbon tax is still a feasible venture in ensuring environmental sustainability. This proposal seeks to bridge this gap by establishing the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. Research Questions The proposal will seek answe rs to the following questions: To what extent is assessing the social cost of carbon effective in enhancing environmental sustainability? How does the assessment of carbon leakage enhance environmental sustainability? How feasible is the use of border adjustment tariffs or bans in promoting environmental sustainability? How effective is taxation of petroleum products in enhancing environmental sustainability? Research objectives This research will seek to achieve the following objectives:Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To investigate the extent to which assessing the social cost of carbon is valuable in enhancing environmental sustainability To find out the effectiveness of assessing carbon leakage in enhancing environmental sustainability To evaluate the extent to which the use of border adjustments tariffs and bans is efficient in promoting environmental sustainab ility To investigate the efficacy of taxation of petroleum products in boosting environmental sustainability Explanation of the Problem According to Metcalf (2007), the problem of increased carbon emission into the atmosphere is one of the world’s environmental economics paradoxes. Greenhouse effect has resulted in the rising of world temperatures, penetration of harmful ultraviolet rays, and acid rains that destroy human beings, animals, plants, and structures. In addition, despite governments and environmentalists intervening using methods such as carbon tax the and cap-and-trade formula, the greenhouse effect of carbon emission continues to cause storms, floods, and melting of world’s snow caps, for example the Arctic (Hasegawa Salant 2014). According to Morozov (2012), researches have asserted that by the end of the 21st century, there will be no ice in the Arctic area. Backus (2012) observes the possibility of having very little icecaps in the Arctic by 2030. Mo reover, researchers from the US have revealed the possibility of low ice cover in the Arctic as early as the summer period of 2015. Professional intervention measures such as the use of carbon tax have been compromised of only benefiting governments through tax levies with little contribution in solving the problem of environmental degradation. Carbon duty is charged on all carbon-containing energies depending on their level of carbon elements. Despite efforts to adapt carbon tax by many countries such as the US, China, and the European Union, climatic patterns continue to change because of carbon emissions. Few researches have focused on examining the effectiveness of the widely adopted carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. This proposal will address specific problems that result from the current carbon tax plan. For example, it will investigate the extent to which assessing the social cost of carbon is effective in enhancing environmental sustainability among other objectives. Literature Review This chapter presents the existing literature on the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. The literature is presented in the form of theoretical and empirical review. The paper summarises the reviewed literature while citing the available gaps that the proposal intends to seal. A conceptual framework is also presented. Theoretical Review This study will be based on the economic theory of environmental sustainability. According to Agarwal and Narain (1991), the economic theory presents natural capital as a key facet of growth and development whose continued existence should be assured. Emission of carbon gas and other greenhouse gases by industries results in the diminution of the Ozone layer.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Effectiveness of Carbon Tax in Environmental Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The situation is associated wi th dangerous environmental impacts. Agarwal and Narain (1991) advise that sustainable development should ensure a balance between environmental and economic development. Therefore, the application of this theory will look into the impacts of various measures under the carbon tax procedures and their efficacy in ensuring sustainability of the environment. Empirical Review According to Metcalf (2007), David Gordon initially projected carbon tax back in 1973. Since then, many countries have moved to implement carbon tax in their effort to control carbon pollution. Carbon tax that is levied on pollution requires countries to enact laws that guide the execution process. Thus, carbon tax is considered a Pigouvian tax since it is an externality that affects third parties (Conefrey, Fitz, Malaguzzi 2007). Carbon tax is charged according to the marginal damage to the third party, which in this case is the negative externality of CO2 to the environment. Various evaluation approaches have bee n adopted across the world. Assessing the Social Cost of Carbon According to Strand (2013), carbon tax can be estimated using the social cost of the carbon element. Assessments are made on the marginal cost of every one ton of CO2 that is released to the environment at a certain time. Elliot et al. (2010) cite that the evaluation begins by analysing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere at a given point together with its effects on climate. The evaluation shows the effects of every ton of carbon dioxide that is released into the environment at a given time on the climate. Strand (2013) further asserts that although a discount on the impact of carbon emission is allowed due to time variations, comprehensive and market compliant social cost of carbon estimations can be used in setting carbon tax. Nevertheless, Metcalf (2007) reveals how various scholars have challenged the social cost of carbon approach with the argument that it is affected by market variations. Disparity in markets makes the social cost of carbon estimation an unstable and erroneous method of basing carbon tax. Calculation of the quantity of pollution that emanates from carbon dioxide is estimated using its mass. Therefore, scientists measure the mass of carbon dioxide molecules that are emitted into the environment. The results give a quantity of carbon dioxide referred to as a ton of carbon dioxide. Therefore, estimations of the amount of carbon dioxide to be taxed are made per ton. Elliot et al. (2010) observe that some scientists only calculate the population of carbon atoms that are present in the polluted environment.Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process involves calculating the weight of carbon molecules only while eliminating any present oxygen atoms (Repetto 2013). The resulting amount is a ton of carbon, which is equal to four ton of carbon dioxide. However, scientists and environmentalists continue to debate on the accuracy of the SCC as a basis of estimating carbon tax based on the wide standard deviation between the actual values and the estimated values of the total amount of carbon that is emitted into the environment by a particular industry within a given time. The wide disparity is associated with lack of consensus by environmental scientists on various aspects of climate change (Nishida Hua 2011). For example, scientists continue to differ on the amount of carbon that can eventually cause climate changes. In addition, different countries accord varying discount rates on carbon emission, thus making the calculations inconsistent. However, efforts to regulate and standardise social cost of carbon evaluation are ongoing. They are expected to develop better results. As Metcalf (2007) confirms, countries that apply the social cost of carbon evaluation in levying tax on carbon emission are more focused on the impact of carbon emission on their environment than on the accuracy of the method. Environmentalists hold that social cost of carbon is more accurate within a country than across international borders since the environment is relatively similar. Assessment of Carbon Leakage Elliot et al. (2010) present the international community as a body that is also concerned with carbon leakage. Carbon seepage refers to the impact that policies of carbon production in one motherland can have on another in cases of disparities in the systems. Strand (2013) further affirms that carbon leakage has both negative and positive impacts. For example, spill over results in a reduction in the overall effectiveness of the effort to reduce the total emission. According to Barclay (2012), in the evaluation of carbon leakage, the total impact should be arrived at through an analysis of both short-term and long-term effects. The impacts of short-term leakage, for example in the developing countries, may seem minimal. However, when they are combined with the increased emission from industrialised countries, they cause much harm. In developing countries, there may be a positive leakage because of the low demand on fossil fuels compared to the situation in developed nations. Developed nations can meet their energy demands by substituting fossil fuel with coal. This plan significantly reduces their carbon emission. Therefore, developed nations are required to give incentives to developing nations to cater for carbon leakage (Yakao 2014). Use of Border Adjustments, Tariffs, and Bans According to Luo and Tang (2014), there have been an outcry by the international community following border adjustments, tariffs, and bans based on the witnessed variations in carbon tax. Some countries are keen to levy carbon tax while others do not. Barclay (2012) observes how international environmental concern groups have called for the application of tariffs, tax, and trade bans on countries that do not exercise carbon tax. The premise is that if border tax is levied, it can cater for carbon emissions that result from imported goods that come from countries that do not levy carbon tax. Carbon tax can also be pushed through trade bans or enactment of tariffs on countries that have not enacted policies on carbon tax. However, such acts can be punishing to a country that does not levy carbon tax, especially at a point where the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has not enacted any laws on how taxes on climate pollution should be levied. Taxing Petroleum Products Luo and Tang (2014) assert that carbon emission can also be evaluated directly through the amount of petroleum products that are consumed in a country. Products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and petrol are taxed. Each product is c harged according to the amount of carbon it holds. However, the effectiveness of taxation on petroleum products is questioned since prices of petroleum products have not deterred people from consuming more of these products. Development of lower energy consuming vehicles can work better. The following conceptual framework shows the dependent and independent variables that yield to environmental sustainability. Methodology The methodology section will deal with the description of methods that will be used to carry out the study. The subsections include research design, study location, target population, sampling procedures and sample size, research instrumentation and their validity and reliability, methods of data collection, and data analysis. Research Design The study will adopt descriptive survey research design to study the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. According to Kothari (2008), descriptive research is concerned with conditions that a lready exist, practices that are already held, ongoing processes, and developing trends. Descriptive survey research design is the most appropriate when the purpose of a study is to create a detailed description of an issue (Saunders et al. 2012). Since the study will look into the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability, the descriptive design will be appropriate for the study. Target Population The study will be conducted in manufacturing industries in the central district of Australia. Environmental sustainability officers in the 29 industries will form the population for this research. The research will further collect data from the District Environmental Sustainability Officer (DEHO). Hence, the population for this research will be a universe of 30 individuals. Sampling Procedure According to Saunders et al. (2012), a sample is a portion of a population that is being studied. It represents the larger population. It is used to draw inferences about the population. The sampling procedure is widely used in the social sciences as a way of gathering information concerning a population without having to measure the entire population (Cooper Schidler 2011). The study will employ a census of 30 respondents. This technique was arrived at because the target population is small and hence the reason why all people will be interviewed. Instrumentation The following section describes the instruments that will be used to collect data from the respondents. Data Collection Instruments The study will employ two data collection instruments, namely questionnaires and the interview schedule. The questionnaires will be used to collect information from the environmental sustainability officers in the sampled industries. According to Cooper and Schidler (2011), a questionnaire is easy to administer. Questionnaires also reduce biasness since the researcher’s opinions will not influence the respondents in answering questions in a certain manne r unlike if it were telephone or face-to-face surveys. The questionnaires will be divided into two sections, namely A and B, which will contain both open-ended and close-ended questions. Section A will aim at gathering the environmental sustainability officers’ demographic and background information. Section B will aim to establish the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. Interview schedules will collect more information from the district environmental sustainability officers. This particular instrument was selected because DEHOs are resourceful individuals who have a good knowledge of environmental sustainability trends in the district. They will shed more light on the effectiveness of carbon tax in enhancing environmental sustainability. The main advantage of the interviews is that the researcher (interviewer) can modify the questions if needed, clarify doubt, and/or ensure that respondents understand the questions by repeating or rephrasin g them if need be. Instrument Validity Bryman and Bell (2011) present validity as the degree to which a test measures what it is expected to determine. For this study, content validity will be used. The researcher will ensure content validity by consulting a well-informed supervisor in the department of environmental sustainability. The researcher will also seek input from colleagues and statisticians. Instrument Reliability Kothari (2008) defines dependability as a measure of the degree to which a study tool records steady observations after constant experiments. Reliability of the instruments will be established through a pilot study. According to Orodho (2005), a population of 10% of the sample is sufficient for piloting instruments. The instrument will be pretested in three manufacturing industries in the neighbouring eastern district. Test-retest technique of reliability will be then employed whereby the pilot questionnaire and interview schedule will be administered to the res pondents twice within a two-week interval. The researcher will use the Cronbach’s alpha to determine the reliability of the instrument. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.8 and above will be taken as acceptable reliability. Data Collection Procedures On an agreed date, with the assistance of enumerators, the researcher will administer the questionnaires and the observation checklist. Data Analysis Kombo and Tromp (2006) define data analysis as the interpretation of collected raw data into useful information. After the questionnaires and interview schedule are returned, all responses will be assembled for completion, organisation, and analysis. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyse the quantitative data. The researcher will present the data in frequency and percentage tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. Qualitative data will be organised into themes and patterns, which will be categorised through content analysis. The themes will then be tabulated. Computer software, name ly the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0, will be employed. Generalisability The findings of this research will be replicable and applicable elsewhere with similar carbon tax conditions as the studied population. These regions may include other districts in Australia and/or other countries that have adopted carbon tax in a bid to ensure environmental sustainability. Generalisability will be assured through proper sampling and sampling procedures (Bryman Bell 2011). Ethical Issues Ethical issues in dealing with the respondents will be put in place. Such issues will include secrecy of identity of the respondents. For example, all respondents will be required not to reveal their names or any other details that may be used to identify their individuality on the questionnaires. Consent Forms The researcher will seek an authorisation letter from the department of environmental sustainability at the university. The authorisation letter will be used to apply for a research permit from the National Council for Science and Technology before embarking on the data collection exercise. The permit for the study will be presented to the central district DEHO before commencing the research. Upon authorisation, the researcher will then make appointments with the environmental sustainability officers of the sampled industries. Timescale The table below shows the different research activities and their duration. For effective research process, the researcher will adopt the following schedule to ensure that each activity is undertaken within the set time and duration. Activity Time Research Proposal Development and Writing Jan 10– March 2015 Research Piloting April 2015 Preparation of Research materials and Data Collection April-May 2015 Research Data Analysis 1-15 June 2015 Final Research Report Writing 18-31 June 2015 Submission of the Final Research Report for Approval July-August 2015 References Agarw al, A Narain, S 1991, ‘Global warming in an equal world’, International Journal of sustainable development, vol.2 no. 1, pp. 98-1-4. Backus, G 2012, ‘Arctic 2030: What are the consequences of climate change?: The US response’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 68 no. 4, pp. 9-16. Barclay, R 2012, ‘Regulatory Economics: Saved by the Carbon Tax?’, Natural Gas Electricity, vol. 29 no. 4, pp. 31-32. Bryman, A Bell, E 2011, Business research Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Conefrey, T, Fitz, J Malaguzzi, L 2013, ‘The impact of a carbon tax on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Ireland’, Journal of Environmental Planning Management, vol. 56 no.7, pp. 934-952. Cooper, R Schrinder, S 2011, Business Research Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Elliot, J, Foster, I, Kortum, S, Munson, T, PÃ ©rez, F Weisbach, D 2010, ‘Trade and Carbon Taxes’, American Economic Review, vol. 100 no. 2, pp. 465-4 69. Hasegawa, M Salant, S 2014, ‘Cap-and-trade programmes under delayed compliance: Consequences of interim injections of permits’, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 119 no. 1, pp. 24-34. Jeffers, J 2010, ‘Climate Change and the Arctic: Adapting to Changes in Fisheries Stocks and Governance Regimes’, Ecology Law Quarterly, vol. 37 no. 3, pp. 917-977. Kombo, K Tromp, A 2006, Proposal and thesis writing: An introduction, Pauline’s Publications Africa, Nairobi. Kothari, R 2008, Research methodology; Methods and techniques, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. Luo, L Tang, Q 2014, ‘Carbon tax, corporate carbon profile and financial return’, Pacific Accounting Review, vol. 26 no. 3, pp. 351-373. Metcalf, G 2007, A Green Employment Tax swap: Using a Carbon Tax Swap to Finance a Payroll Tax Relief, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Morozov, Y 2012, ‘Arctic 2030: What are the consequences of climate change?: The Russia n response’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 68 no. 4, pp. 22-27. Nishida, Y Hua, Y 2011, ‘Motivating stakeholders to deliver change: Tokyo’s Cap-and-Trade Programme’, Building Research Information, vol. 39 no. 5, pp. 518-533. Orodho, J 2004, Statistics made user friendly for education and social sciences research, Masola Publishers, Masola. Repetto, R 2013, ‘Cap and Trade Contains Global Warming Better Than a Carbon Tax’, Challenge, vol. 56 no. 5, pp. 31-61. Saunders, K, Lewis, P Thornhill, A 2012, Research Methods for Business Students, Pearson, Harlow. Strand, J 2013, ‘Strategic climate policy with offsets and incomplete abatement: Carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade’, Journal of Environmental Economics Management, vol. 66 no. 2, pp. 202-218. Yakao, Y 2014, ‘Policy learning and diffusion of Tokyo’s metropolitan cap-and-trade: making a mandatory reduction of total CO2 emissions work at local scales’ , Policy Studies, vol. 35 no. 4, pp. 319-338. This proposal on Effectiveness of Carbon Tax in Environmental Sustainability was written and submitted by user Shania S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Stun Guns Work essays

How Stun Guns Work essays Have you ever walked alone down a dark alley at night feeling as though there was someone creeping behind you? For those who have felt that way it is a very serious issue. In this day and age, it is not uncommon for a person to be afraid of getting mugged while walking through the city, ask anyone that lives in a major city. Life may not be fair, but it is not fair for people to live in fear for their safety; and individuals can resolve that fear by protecting themselves from unfortunate situations. How, you may ask, should we protect ourselves? A way to defend ourselves is by utilizing the use of a stun gun. Stun guns are specially designed to temporarily incapacitate a person. The ways in which stun guns operate are very safe (non-lethal) and effective (disorients attackers). There are several aspects to take into consideration when understanding how exactly stun guns work. People usually associate electricity as a danger to our bodies. Lightning, take for example, has the current capacity to kill a human being; however, electricity in smaller currents is perfectly harmless. In fact, electricity is one of the most essential components in the human body. People need this electricity to do virtually anything. When you want to go for a hike, for example, the brain sends electricity down a nerve cell, to the muscles in your legs. This electrical signal tells the nerve cells to release a neurotransmitter(communication chemical) to the appropriate muscle cells. The neurotransmitter in turn tells the muscles to contract and expand. While you are hiking, the nerve cells in your legs relay the electrical message back to the brain, thus telling you whether your legs are tired or not. The strategy of stun guns is to disrupt the bodys communication system. Stun guns produce a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. Essentially, this means that the charge has a good deal of force behind it, but not ...

A nuclear family unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A nuclear family unit - Essay Example One can describe the ages of this family unit as chronological in order. First, the father is 42 years, works as a carpenter, and appears healthy and strong. The mother is 36 years old, a truck driver, and smokes one packet of cigarettes per day. The girl is 12 years old, attends school as required, and no petty issues were noted except the fact that she appears a bit overweight for a girl of such age but no obesity as such to be reported. The boy is six years old and plays well, meaning he is physically fit. It would be accurate to describe this family’s social group as middle working class particularly with the ability to afford their children’s education, medical insurance, and a four bed-roomed house. Although the father did reach 11th grade, he did not manage to graduate while the mother has knowledge in attending heavy machinery. Thus, the educational background of this family is obsolete and this could be the reason they are seeking to have their children study h ard in order to break that chain of low levels of education (Doane & Varcoe, 2005). Generally, the family has a great deal of strengths given that the father was treated for alcoholism and resolved to become a responsible husband and a father while the mother was treated for a health issue that could affect her delivery system. Additionally, both parents are regular cigarette smokers but the children are doing great which leads to the conclusion that the whole family is physically fit (Doane & Varcoe, 2005). ... The setting of this home is intact and has the relevant requirements of such kind of a family. The house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms. It is also very clean and neat signifying that it is always tidy. Q2 As of this point, the family looks prepared both psychologically and physically since they have made tremendous progress regarding the incoming baby. Pertinently, the mother is looking forward to stop working when she is one month due to the speculated date of the actual birth. The father is working tirelessly and has an insurance cover against any health risks that may befall the family. Generally, the whole family is considering the presence of the unborn child as a blessing rather than a burden a factor that shows that it is ready for another member of the family (Doane & Varcoe, 2005). With comparison to the textbook, a fully prepared family both physically and psychologically is that which has almost all the necessary things that a pregnant woman needs as well as the esse ntial items that a born child requires. What was the topic that  stood  out Nutritional status Nutritional status This family’s nutrition status is incredible following the fact that they keep a healthy diet. Their breakfast composes of peanut toast with yoghurt and fruits as snack. They take nutritious lunch full of proteins and supper involves red meat, vegetables, and ice cream as snack. Hence, this family’s nutrition status stands out as the best topic of discussion during the interview. Bonding behaviors First, the relationship between the mother and father is healthy. Second, the children go to the same school and play together pointing out that they relate to each other well. Therefore, the research concluded that the overall family relationship is in the best

The Effect of Marital Interactions on Martial Satisfaction Research Proposal

The Effect of Marital Interactions on Martial Satisfaction - Research Proposal Example Researchers have classified different types of marital relationships based on a wide number of relationship variables. For example Miller and Olsen (1990) classified various couples according to their conflict and task leadership, while Gottman (1979 classified them according to ther communicative skills and interactions in problem – solving. In yet another study Shostrum and Kavanaugh (1971) categorized couples based on their anger – love and strength and weakness dimensions. Though Leo Tolstoy in his classic novel ‘Anna Karennia’ has stated that â€Å"All happy families resemble one another, but every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way†, yet research studies have proved that both happy and unhappy marriages are not alike. Marital satisfaction depends very much on the individuals involved and is of utmost importance for a steady marital relationship. Such a relationship builds strong bonds between couples and families leading to a good sense of well being and happiness. Marital satisfaction is measured as the degree to which spouses perceive that their partners meet their needs and desires (Bahr, Chappell, & Leigh, 1983; Bohlander, 1999; Fields, 1983) We will review the current state of research on marriage, marital satisfaction and interaction patterns exhibited by martially satisfied spouses as compared to martially distressed partners. We will take into account both the positive and negative interactions between couples which reflect the level of marital satisfaction they experience in their relationships Olson and De Frain (2003) contend that communication is the core centre of all intimate human relationships – and is the foundation on which all else is built and in marriage, which can be described as a linking or joining of two independent people in order to create something of value to both. Good communication skills hold the

The Englishman's Boy by Guy Vanderhaeghe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Englishman's Boy by Guy Vanderhaeghe - Essay Example The author has used the technique of interconnecting time lines and story narratives in adopting a post-modern approach to portray details of the Cypress Hills Massacre, which is characteristic of demonstrating the relationship between conflicting historical versions. This paper will focus on the power commanded by Rachel Gold, the main female character and on how other women in the novel are oppressed, which will be substantiated with reference to the histories of women’s roles in early Hollywood. Main Body The story is narrated by Harry Vincent whose dream woman is Rachel Gold. Rachel is a Jewish vampy screen writer who helps Harry Vincent get a job as a writer of film plots with Best Chance Pictures after he arrives in Hollywood from Saskatchewan. Rachel is depicted as a powerful lady of very strong character as she maneuvers her life through a male dominated environment. She s able to create a place for herself and is recognized for her ability to write screenplays in surroundings where people hated women. She is portrayed as being extremely beautiful and catches the eyes of several men in Hollywood. But she was outnumbered in terms of her sex as well as religion. Rachel managed to gain immense recognition and clout in Hollywood because of her pulpy screen plays, which made her a force to reckon with whereby no one could take her lightly. She is depicted as being very considerate towards Harry and his un-well mother. Because of Rachel’s strong influence over film makers, she develops her own style of portraying the presence of anti-Semitic feelings in Hollywood as more and more Jews start entering the film making business in terms of starting production houses and directing films. It is perhaps in this context that Rachel enjoyed saying that â€Å"The true test of any scenario is to read it to a cameraman. Cameramen are invariably Irish and invariably drunk. If they can grasp the plot, the moral, the theme of your simple tale through an alchoholic haze, you can be assured you have struck the proper intellectual level† (36). She had the veracity to challenge film producers with her screen writing and often got away even after declaring that men can be divided into two distinct classes; gigolos and cruel people (Staines, 1997). The most noteworthy features of the novel are the moral issues that are raised by intentionally creating suggestions relative to another massacre, the Holocaust (Vanderhaeghe, 1997). Just as the Holocaust was attributed to H itler, the author attributes the Cyprus Hills Massacre to Tom Hardwick who was leading the wolfers. Although the number of Assinboine killed in the massacre were only about 20, the author clearly lays emphasis on the white-indian conflict, including the sufferings that characterized the way in which the history of the region was shaped. The story assumes further importance in the context f the Holocaust because Rachel was also a Jew. In all the references to Hollywood, the author depicts a strong link with the Holocaust that has contributed to contemporary debates in regard to whether writers should be held responsible for the anti Semitic feelings created by their work (Janes, 2002). Menckenian rhetoric is used by Rachel because she believes in boorishness and accepts it with a great deal of distaste in the context of what was demanded by the public from Hollywood films. Rachel is able to accurately represent Mencken’s oratory and concepts relative to language that distingui shes her from characters such as Harry and Chance. She does not favor elements in Chance’s style such as his style of manipulating languages to

Liver is the largest gland

Liver is the largest gland Liver Liver is just not like any other organ, which can be compensated by other organs or human machines. It is one of the important parts of body which performs many vital functions. Physically it is positioned in the upper part of the abdomen precisely on the right side, just beneath the diaphragm. Its physical looks are reddish brown with four lobes bulging out. Basically livers main role is to store and filter blood. Without liver all the sugar intake by human body would never be passed out until it converts sugar to glycogen which dissolves in blood and excretes the waste. It also produces biochemical such as bile which helps in digesting food. Liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is also a complex structured gland. This organ at any moment stores around 1 pint of blood, which Is equivalent to 13 percent of human blood. The liver basically has 4 sections, which is also known in medical terminology as lobes. These lobes are divided equally on either side of the liver. The lobes are structured in multisided units which we call the lobules. Amazingly a liver has around fifty to hundred lobules. Within the lobules are separators called cavities, which makes the liver spongy in order to hold blood. Furthermore these lobules have a bile capillary, which transfers the bile away from liver. As soon as the bile is excreted out of the liver it forms a hepatic duct. A liver produces bile even when there is no food to process. In this situation the excess bile has to be excreted through the gall bladder. Amazingly scientific researchers have found more than 500 functions of liver. As mentioned above some functions would be to produce bile by hepatic cells, secrete glucose, create vitamins, and to convert ammonia to urea and other metabolic activities. Other than this the liver main function is to digest food. This is done by the bile produced by liver which flows through the small intestine and dissolves the food we eat. Historically liver in Greek was named as hepatic, thus today all the medical term related to liver starts with hepato. Let us now look at the key feature of liver, which is the blood flow. The liver is also called the dual blood supply because it transfers 75 percent of blood supply around the body. Along with blood it contains oxygen supply which is required to reach in all parts of the body. Its key feature of eliminating waste and observing minerals and nutrients make it vital for survival. Thus without the liver a person would loose energy and its blood would not be able to clot normally. Apart from blood supply it also acts a reservoir for the human body essential vitamins. It stores gloucose, vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B-12, Iron and copper. After storing these it also excretes albumin, which is an important ingredient for blood serum. It also synthesizes angiotensinogen, which is essential for the kidney to raise blood pressure when needed. Not only this, liver also stores food in itself. This food is released when the body requires the minerals and nutrients it needs in the blood. Every organ of a human body is prone to diseases. Due to the fact it is a vital organ needed to function other organs, its lack of functioning would harm the whole body and survival will become critical. Commonly hepatitis A, B, C, E is associated with liver disease. But there are many more such as alcohol damage, cancer, fatty liver and drug damages, which affects the liver. When a person is affected with one of the diseases mentioned above then the risk of getting jaundice increases. Basically the reason behind this is the increased level of bilirubin produced by distortion of red blood cell. Bilirubin is a yellow fluid produced in the liver when worn-out red blood cells are broken down. The liver is a strong gland and holds a great power to regenerate and become stable again. But if the damage is high then symptoms could lead to a disastrous outcome. In order to prevent this, a liver function test is performed. A liver function test is clinical laboratory test, whereby blood assays are designed to show the patients liver state. Basically liver diseases are hard to detect at start, this is because the signs of diseases are low and undetectable at early stage to the patient. Some of the signs are pale stools, dark urine, swelling and bruising. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions also, thus it is difficult to identify the real source. One of the major diseases called diabetes is sometimes led by fatty liver, commonly occurring in obese person. Some people may also experience autoimmune hepatitis. This condition has to do with the body producing antibodies that actually attack liver cells. Normally Young to middle aged women are often diagnosed with this condition but it is becoming more common among elderly people. Some of the symptoms may include extreme fatigue, jaundice and even blood tests that show there is liver damage (liver tissue, 2010). High alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of liver disease. However, high alcohol consumption as a cause for abnormal liver test results is often not evident and may even be denied. A readily obtainable blood test to reveal whether alcohol is the likely cause would be valuable. However, many patients who doubtless consume high amounts of alcohol and indeed are alcohol-dependent and display elevated serum aminotransferase levels do not show a high AST/ALT ratio (Nyblom, 2004). Alcohol consumption leads to cancer of liver, pancreas, mouth, and throat. The seriousness of liver disease can be seen by United States statistic of 43967 people death due to liver cancer itself. Liver cancer is regarded as the seventh biggest cause of death in United States (Hilal, Ali A., and John D.S. Gaylor, 2006). In order to prevent these diseases, an individual should maintain good hygiene. As mentioned above he/she should restrain from drinking alcohol as it could lead to cirrhosis of the liver. He/she should also refrain from going in a chemical or biohazard factory, whereby the pollutants may enter the lung and damage the liver. If the persons diagnostic test results in a disease, the person would require staying in bed, have lots of water and eat well. As liver is a combination of sensitive tissues good care is vital. The striking feature of liver is that it is the only gland able to regenerate its lost tissues. If the liver is cut 75%, the remaining 25% has the ability to regenerate into a whole liver. This process takes only a week or maximum few weeks. This capability of liver has been acknowledged since the ancient Greek times. In fact there is a story about Prometheus being chained to a rock in the Caucasus mountain and his liver being partially eaten during the day by an eagle only to â€Å"regenerate† in the night. This scenario actually symbolizes how a liver half eaten could become full (Michalopoulos, George, 1997). For example, surgeons can remove a section of a healthy liver from an adult and transplant it into a child who has a diseased liver. The adults liver will rapidly regenerate and be restored to full size. The childs new liver will grow as the child grows (thinkquest, 2010). Work cite Hilal, Ali A., and John D.S. Gaylor. â€Å"Bioartificial liver: review of science requirements and technology.† World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 3.1 (2006): 80-97. inderscience. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. . â€Å"Liver tissue.† livertissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. . Michalopoulos, George K., and DeFrances, Marie C., Liver regeneration:, Science, 4 April 1997: Vol. 276. no. 5309, pp. 60 66: Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R (2004). â€Å"High AST/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking†. Alcohol Alcohol. 39 (4): 336-9. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh074. PMID15208167. http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=15208167. Thinkquest. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2010. .

Tea Party Movement Essay -- What is the Tea Party Movement

Due to the weak state our of economy over the past several years, many organizations and movements have surfaced in order to attempt to make a change to better our country. One of those organizations is the Tea Party and their movement. The Tea Party movement is an effective political force in our society because it is respectable, organized, and focused on common issues. According to the official website for the Tea Party movement, it was formed randomly in 2009 from â€Å"the reaction of the American people fiscally irresponsible actions of the federal government, misguided ‘stimulus’ spending, bailouts, and takeovers of private industry.† In an article for PBS from 2010, Dante Chinni writes that there were about 67,000 members of the movement at that time. Since the article is roughly two years old, it can be estimated that the total number of members has grown significantly, especially with the recent downfall of the economy and other political forces. Chinni goes on to state that much of the movement’s population is concentrated either in boom towns, which are towns that went through rapid population growth during the housing crash of the early 2000’s, rural and agricultural counties, or counties located near armed forces bases. As far as member backgrounds, most Tea Party movement members tend to fall into the same category. In a New York Times article by Kate Zernike and Megan Thee-Brenan, they write that those who identify themselves as apart of the Tea Party are â€Å"wealthier and more well-educated than the general public.† Zernike and Thee-Brenan also state that according to a poll conducted by the Times and CBS News, most supporters of the movement are white males who are married and over the age of forty-fi... ...bers of Congress a Well-heeled Lot." Los Angeles Times, 05 Jan 2012. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/05/news/la-pn-tea-party-members-of-congress-a-wellheeled-lot-20120105. Walsh, Kenneth. "Tea Party Presidential Candidates Flash and Fade." U.S. News and World Report, 28 Sep 2011. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2011/09/28/tea-party-presidential-candidates-flash-and-fade. Wing, Nick. "Rudy Giuliani: Tea Party 'Respectable', But Some Members, 'A Little Crazy’." Huffington Post, 25 Jan 2011. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/25/rudy-giuliani-tea-party-crazy_n_813571.html. Zernike, Kate, and Megan Thee-Brenan. "Poll Finds Tea Party Backers Wealthier and More Educated." The New York Times, 14 Apr 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/15/us/politics/15poll.html.